首先说明，我现阶段只是个刚刚开始户外运动的新手,如果你是户外大神，请忽略本文。
从2018年4月开始，我开始跟随深圳的户外徒步群友一起参加周末户外运动，两年时间内的爬山、海边穿越、溯溪等活动累计超过40次。活动虽然参加了不少，但基本上都是休闲级、标准或标准+强度级别的，时间也只是早出晚归的一天活动，还不敢参加连续两天的重装宿营活动。体能虽然比前两年好了很多，但大多数有点强度的活动过程中也只能走在队尾，属于被收尾对象。还没有试过所谓的新手毕业线“三水线”，领队也不愿意带我，怕我走不下来。
徒步中途休息时，大家会经常讨论如何选择装备，新手的我也愿意把自己的点滴经验分享出来。领队开玩笑说我最适合给小白们介绍经验，因为我就是从体能差、一点经验都没有的阶段过来的，大家可能遇到的所有问题，我几乎都遇到过，所以我最适合了。
所谓徒步小白，就是从未参加过、或者间断参加过一两次徒步活动的人，基本上没有徒步经验，也没有常用徒步装备。来参加徒步只有因为好玩或朋友临时邀请，想体验一次，至于后期是否还会参加并不清楚。我参与的徒步活动中，这类队友人数差不多占20%。
考虑节约的原则，我推荐小白们购买以下几个必备的装备，其他更多装备可以后续慢慢添置。
一、登山鞋
户外徒步绝大多数走的是未开发的线路，全程在丛林、山坡、山脊、河沟甚至溪流中穿行，路是山民或驴友踩踏出来的小路，个别地方甚至连路都没有。路面以沙土、落叶枯草、碎石或石头为主，间或有少量涉水、湿滑路面，很难看到常规旅游线路中的水泥路、石头或木质台阶等铺装路面。
推荐大家选择如下图所示类型的登山鞋。
（本图仅为示意图，请忽略品牌和价格）
选择登山鞋的原因如下：
- 鞋底大花纹，沙土路面的防滑效果好，能有效避免滑倒受伤；
- 鞋底厚且有一定硬度，踩在碎石路面可有效避免硌脚，也不会被地面的尖锐东西刺穿鞋底而扎到脚；
- 鞋尖硬且有包裹，避免踢到石头时脚趾受伤；
- 鞋垫厚实有弹性，鞋垫厚不是为了增高，有弹性是为了减少行走过程中对膝关节和脚踝的冲击力，确保你可以走的更远。
- 鞋面有一定厚度、包裹性好。鞋面可以保护脚面、脚背不会砸伤撞伤，也可以有效防止沙土、碎石钻进鞋子里。
购买登山鞋时，在标签或宣传页上一般会看到防滑、防水、耐磨、防震等功能，建议从以下几个方面考虑。
- 防滑性：
虽然从专业角度来讲，鞋子的抓地力与鞋底材质、及齿纹布局设计有关，并非齿纹越厚防滑能力就越强。防滑还可细分为干土防滑、湿地防滑、涉水防滑和冰雪防滑等等，每种防滑能力对鞋底材质、齿纹都有不同要求。
但对于小白来说，简单考虑齿纹深度就行，专业的功能等以后达到专业程度再说。因此，登山鞋只需要选择大花纹的登山鞋，其防滑性对于初期的户外活动足够了。
大家可能会问跑步鞋是否可以。跑步鞋或普通运动鞋虽然很轻便，适合走城市内及周边的铺装路面，雨后湿路的防滑性能也足够。但跑步鞋的鞋底花纹较浅，沙土路面的防滑效果很差，因此不推荐。
当然，跑步鞋也不是绝对不能穿。曾经见过一个男的穿着皮鞋走完全程，当然最后鞋子开胶了，脚上也起泡了。至于山中当地孩子穿着人字拖在山间奔跑的事，我一般就当没看见。
- 防水性
徒步过程中有可能会遇到湿地或地表有水漫过路面，这时具有防水功能的鞋子，可以保证在鞋内不湿的情况下轻易通过深度不超过10CM的积水。
防水性能一般是通过Gore-tex防水层来实现的，鞋子的防水能力还与鞋面材质、防水袜套边缘是否漏水等有关。当然这些很专业，我也不太懂，小白们看到鞋子的说明书上有防水功能就足够用了。
当然，防水性越好，鞋子的透气性越差。如果户外活动中很少有涉水路面，夏季时可选择不带防水功能的、鞋面为织网状速干面料的登山鞋。这种登山鞋更轻便，透气性更好，徒步过程中即使稍有进水，也能很快变干。
- 鞋帮
鞋子一般有低帮、中帮和高帮之分。
低帮鞋子的鞋帮在脚踝以下，主打轻便和透气功能，鞋面大多为不防水的织网速干面料，行走更省力。低帮鞋子对脚踝保护不足，当发生侧滑或崴脚时更容易受伤，地面上的树根、尖石也有可能会撞伤脚踝。
高帮鞋子的鞋帮一般会覆盖到脚踝骨2cm以上位置，对脚踝和脚面具有很强的保护能力，可有效避免脚踝扭伤和撞伤。同时，高帮鞋子一般都具有防水性，冬季时具有更好的保暖能力。但是，高帮鞋子一般透气性不如低帮鞋子，也比低帮鞋子重很多，需要耗费更多的体能。有一种说法，脚上每重1克，相当于背上多背6克。我没法评判这个数据是否准备，但我自身比较认同这个说法。
中帮鞋子的优势和缺点介于低帮和高帮之间，就不再赘述了。
大家可根据自己的喜好自由选择，建议体能较差的小白选择低帮登山鞋，参加休闲级别的活动，等后期体能提升后选择保护力更好的高帮鞋子。
- 鞋码
长时间行走，脚会充血变大，因此，登山鞋要比日常的鞋子大一码，保证脚趾前面有大约一指的余量，这样下山时，脚趾不会顶到鞋尖。
户外出行前1-2天要修剪手指甲和脚指甲，确保手指甲抓扣岩石、树枝时不会劈裂，脚指甲不会顶到鞋尖。
- 颜色
鞋子颜色自行选择，没有特殊要求。推荐懒人选择偏深偏灰的颜色。白色易脏且容易被花草染色，可能走一天下来鞋子看了就不想要了。
二、袜子
推荐购买厚一点的速干高帮袜子。
速干功能可让袜子湿了之后能快速变干，保证足部的舒适度。高帮能有效保护脚踝不被脚下树枝草叶划伤，还有一定的隔绝蚊虫功能，当裤脚过于宽松时，还可以把裤脚塞到袜子里，避免裤脚被鞋底或树枝挂住。
不建议穿丝光或尼龙袜子。不建议穿低帮鞋子同时穿低帮袜子，否则你的脚腕不是被划伤就是被蚊虫叮咬。
三、衣服
户外衣服的式样和颜色多种多样，我本来就很少买衣服，对此研究不多，建议大家遵循以下基本原则：
- 下身为长裤，尺寸略显宽松和舒适，面料首选速干。如果你身材体型较好，也可以选择紧身高弹的健身裤。呵呵，如果你肚子大、屁股大、腿粗腿不直，最好别穿紧身的。过于宽大也不好，容易挂到树枝。
- 上身长袖T恤或短袖T恤配一对冰袖，面料同样是速干的。长袖既能防嗮又能防树枝划伤，但长袖不利于散热。防雨型冲锋衣外套具有防嗮、防雨、保暖效果，不过天热时的散热功能很差。大家自由选择，反正我一年有9个月都是短袖，我怕热。
- 北方地区需要备一套长的内衣裤，推荐紧身的高弹面料。个别寒冷地区，推荐有抓绒的面料；
- 尽量不穿纯棉或牛仔面料的衣服，吸汗效果太好又不容易干，湿了之后会贴在身上，既不舒服又会影响动作。我第一次户外时穿的就是牛仔裤和纯棉T恤，衣服全程都是湿的，经常要把裤腿向上提一下，不然抬不起腿。
- 男士内裤首选平角或四角的速干面料。不穿有边的纯棉三角内裤，否则走一天的话，大腿根内侧能摩出两道血槽来。女士内衣自行选择，我实现没有经验。
- 颜色原则上可自由选择。不建议小白穿绿色或迷彩色，隐蔽性太强，走迷路了别人都找不到你，颜色鲜艳的衣服便于队友从很远就看到你。黄色衣服更容易招飞虫。
四、登山鞋背包
户外当然推荐具有较强背负系统的登山包，样式如下图：
登山包下部有腰带，可以承当约60%背包的重量，不至于让所有重量都压在肩膀了。肩膀长时间承当过大重量，就会出现颈部、肩部、后背和腰椎疲劳酸痛。腰带同时起到固定作用，使背包不会前后左右晃动，影响动作的协调性。
登山包的两个背带可以承担约40%背包的重量。
左右两个背带上还有一个横向的胸部背带，胸部背包的作用是使背包上半部分不会前后左右晃动，并少量承担背包的重量。
登山包背部贴在人后背的部位主要是一套硬性的悬架背负系统及加厚的透气软垫，硬性悬架避免了背包一直贴在后背上，便于热量散发，提高后背的舒适度。
以上是入门接的专业登山包所具有的的功能，没品牌的新包售价大约150-200元。对于刚开始参与户外活动的小白来讲，考虑到负重只有一顿午餐和几瓶水，常见的轻便书包或双肩背包也完全能满足使用。
五、总结
前面谈到的4种装备都是推荐小白徒步时必备，用来参加3-5次休闲或低强度的户外活动是完全足够的。至于其它的具有专业用途的手杖、头灯、手套、帐篷、对讲机等装备，还是等下定决心长期户外，进入户外新手阶段再逐步购置或升级吧。
有了这几种装备，会使你的户外过程更加舒适和轻松，减少体能消耗。但我户外的两年时间里，多次见过穿皮鞋的，穿着短裤不怕划伤的，穿着七分裤甚至光着两条大长腿的女生也经常看到。有人一身逛公园式的打扮，体力却超好，一路小跑着冲在最前面，对于这种人，我只有两个字，佩服！
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